a Family History of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Quizley

Sudden baby death syndrome (SIDS) are deaths in infants younger than 12 months of historic period that occur suddenly, unexpectedly, and without obvious cause.

What is Sudden Baby Expiry Syndrome?
Pathophysiology
Statistics and Incidences
Contributing Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
Medical Management
Nursing Management
- Nursing Assessment
- Nursing Diagnoses
- Nursing Care Planning and Goals
- Nursing Interventions
- Evaluation
- Documentation Guidelines
Practice Quiz: Sudden Infant Decease Syndrome
See Also
Farther Reading

What is Sudden Infant Expiry Syndrome?

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has caused much grief and anxiety amid families for centuries.

Sudden infant decease syndrome (SIDS) are deaths in infants younger than 12 months of age that occur all of a sudden, unexpectedly, and without obvious cause.
SIDS cannot be explained despite a thorough investigation, including a consummate dissection, examination of the decease scene, and review of the clinical and social history.
SIDS is also commonly chosen every bit "crib death".

Pathophysiology

Although multiple hypotheses have been proposed as the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for SIDS, none have been proven.

Although both prolongation of the QT interval (long QT syndrome [LQTS]) and shortening of the QT interval (short QT syndrome [SQTS]) are associated with increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death, information technology is QT prolongation that has received the greatest attention in SIDS.
Clinically, these dysrhythmias may present equally syncope, seizures, or sudden cardiac death.
According to bourgeois estimates, thirty-35% of infants who subsequently dice of SIDS have prolongation of the QT interval in the first week of life.
Other testify also implicates hypoxia (acute and chronic) in SIDS; hypoxanthine, a marking of tissue hypoxia, is elevated in the vitreous sense of humor of patients who die of SIDS as compared with control subjects who die all of a sudden.
Alveolar hypoxia stimulates pulmonary vasoconstriction and, somewhen, pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell hyperplasia.
Muscularity of the pulmonary vasculature causes pulmonary vasoconstriction, increased correct ventricular afterload, and heart failure with more tissue hypoxia.
Another significant autopsy finding is pleural petechiae, whose formation reflects acute hypoxia in a physiologically intact infant.

Statistics and Incidences

One of the leading causes of infant mortality worldwide, SIDS claims an estimated two,500 lives annually in the United States alone.

Although there has been a dramatic drop in the incidence of deaths during the past 20 years, SIDS is still the leading cause of expiry in infants between 7 and 365 days of age.
Since 1992, SIDS rates accept fallen past approximately 58% in the U.s.a..
n 1992, the incidence of SIDS was one.2 cases per one thousand live births; in 2004, the incidence had dropped to 0.51.
In 2004, 2246 deaths were certified equally SIDS, accounting for 8% of infant deaths.
In 2006, the National Centre for Wellness Statistics reported a total of 2323 SIDS deaths nationwide, for an incidence of 0.54 per 1000 alive births.
In many Asian countries, the current incidence of SIDS is 0.04 per 1000 live births.
Ninety percentage of deaths occur in children younger than 6 months, and 95% of deaths occur in children younger than 8 months; few occur in children younger than i month or older than eight months.
Approximately 60-lxx% of SIDS deaths occur in males.

Contributing Factors

Varying theories have been suggested near the cause of SIDS; over the years, much inquiry has been done, but no single crusade has been identified. Several authors classify take chances factors into groups such as the following:

Prematurity and low birth weight. Low birth weight, whether resulting from premature birth or from other causes, is associated with a maturational delay in the power to plough the head to the face-downward position.
Apnea. Regurgitation of gastric contents with acidic pH can cause reflexive apnea with resultant hypoxia.
Infection. At the time of death, 30-50% of otherwise healthy infants have an astute infection, such every bit gastroenteritis, otitis media, or, in detail, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI); infantile botulism may be the cause of 5-10% of sudden baby deaths.
Breastfeeding. A study from New Zealand suggests that infants who are non breastfed are at increased risk for SIDS.
Maternal smoking. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is highly significant as a take chances factor in the pathogenesis of SIDS.
Sleeping position and bedtime environment. Co-ordinate to Gilbert-Barness et al, unequivocal evidence indicates that a substantial number (by some estimates, as many as 73.7%) of deaths from SIDS can be prevented by avoiding the decumbent sleeping position, peculiarly on any type of soft bedding.

Clinical Manifestations

The classic presentation of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) begins with an infant who is put to bed, typically after breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. The observations most commonly reported with Cursory Resolved Unexplained Events (BRUEs: formerly Apparent Life-Threatening Events) are equally follows:

Cyanosis. About 50-60% of infants manifests cyanosis.
Breathing difficulties. Half of the infants who had SIDS experience breathing difficulties before death.
Abnormal limb movements. Although most of infants are apparently good for you, many parents state that their babies "were non themselves" in the hours earlier expiry.

Assessment and Diagnostic Findings

A diagnosis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is established by excluding recognizable causes of sudden unexplained babe expiry (SUID).

Laboratory studies. For a living patient, initial laboratory studies include a complete blood count (CBC), electrolyte concentrations, and urinalysis.
Radiography and computed tomography scans. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans of the skull may be indicated if abuse is suspected or if signs of increased intracranial pressure level are present.
Histology. In a serial of 800 consecutive cases of SUID, [113] 6% of the infants had a neuropathologic cause of death; almost all had clinical histories or gross brain findings at dissection suggesting the cause of death.

Medical Management

The following measures are done for an babe who experiences SIDS or most falls victim to it:

Emergency intendance. For the baby found in cardiorespiratory arrest, the start priority is life support via attention to the ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) and other medical interventions as appropriate; in the absence of postmortem lividity or other signs of obvious expiry, infants must be transported to the infirmary to ensure full resuscitative attempts.
Management of apnea. All infants presenting with nontrivial apnea or credible life-threatening event (ALTEs) associated with cyanosis or alterations in mental status or tone should exist admitted.
After death. If the infant is pronounced dead, inform the family in a quiet environment. Refer to the child by proper noun, not as "the baby"; detailing resuscitative efforts before telling the parents of the death is non helpful and may engender parents' resentment; specifically and directly, tell parents that their child has died; utilize of words such as "dead" or "died" avoids the defoliation that may result from gentler terms.

Nursing Direction

The furnishings of SIDS on caregivers and families are devastating.

Nursing Assessment

Assessment of a kid before an incidence of SIDS include:

Physical examination. It is non uncommon for the infant to have been recently examined by a physician and found to exist in excellent health.

Nursing Diagnoses

Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for a kid with SIDS are:

Dysfunctional grieving related to sudden, unpredictable decease of the baby.
Interrupted family unit processes related to grieving.

Nursing Intendance Planning and Goals

The major nursing intendance planning goals for the family are:

Family caregivers will seek appropriate back up persons for help.
Family caregivers will use available back up systems to aid in coping with fear.
Family caregivers will share feelings about the upshot.
Family caregivers will verbalize measures to forbid SIDS.

Nursing Interventions

Grief is coupled with guilt, even though SIDS cannot exist predicted; disbelief, hostility, and acrimony are common reactions.

Allow expression of feelings. The firsthand reaction of the staff should exist to let the family unit to express their grief, encouraging them to say farewell to their infant, and providing a quiet, private place for them to practice so.
Appropriate referrals. Referrals should be made to the local affiliate of the National SIDS Foundation immediately; Sudden Infant Death Brotherhood is some other resource for aid.
Encourage utilise of community resources. In some states, particularly trained community health nurses who are knowledgeable nigh SIDS are available; these nurses are prepared to help families and tin can provide written materials, too as information, guidance, and support in the family unit'southward abode.
Monitoring subsequent infants. Caregivers are particularly concerned about subsequent infants; recent studies take indicated that the risk for these infants for the offset few months of life to aid reduce the family's stress; monitoring is commonly maintained until the new baby is past the age of the SIDS infant's expiry.

Evaluation

Goals are met equally evidenced past:

Family unit caregivers sought appropriate support persons for assist.
Family caregivers used available support systems to assist in coping with fear.
Family unit caregivers shared feelings about the event.
Family unit caregivers verbalized measures to prevent SIDS.

Documentation Guidelines

Documentation in a kid with SIDS include:

Availability and utilize of support systems and customs resource.
Program of intendance.
Didactics programme.
Attainment or progress toward desired outcomes.
Deviations from normal parenting expectations.

Practice Quiz: Sudden Infant Decease Syndrome

Please visit our nursing test bank page for more than NCLEX practice questions.

one. Which of the post-obit infants is least probable to develop sudden infant decease syndrome (SIDS)?

A. Babe Angela who was premature.
B. A sibling of Baby Angie who died of SIDS.
C. Baby Gabriel with prenatal drug exposure.
D. Baby Gabby who sleeps on his back.

one. Reply: D. Baby Gabby who sleeps on his dorsum.

Choice D: Infants who sleep on their dorsum are least probable to develop SIDS. All the same, SIDS has been associated with infants who sleep on their abdomens.
Options A, B, C: Being premature, having a sibling who died of SIDS, and being prenatally exposed to drugs all identify the infant at high risk for developing SIDS.

two. Which of the post-obit deportment is NOT appropriate in the care of a 2-month-old infant?

A. Identify the infant on her back for naps and bedtime.
B. Allow the infant to cry for 5 minutes before responding if she wakes during the night as she may fall dorsum comatose.
C. Talk to the infant oft and make eye contact to encourage language development.
D. Expect until at least 4 months to add babe cereals and strained fruits to the diet.

2. Reply: B. Let the baby to cry for 5 minutes before responding if she wakes during the night as she may fall back asleep.

Option B: Infants under half dozen months may not be able to slumber for long periods because their stomachs are also small-scale to hold adequate nourishment to accept them through the night.
Option A: Infants should always be placed on their backs to sleep. Research has shown a dramatic decrease in sudden babe death syndrome (SIDS) with dorsum sleeping.
Option C: Eye contact and verbal engagement with infants are of import to language development.
Selection D: The best diet for infants under 4 months of historic period is breast milk or baby formula.

3. The nurse teaches the mother of a newborn that in lodge to prevent sudden infant expiry syndrome (SIDS) the best position to place the baby after nursing is (select all that apply):

A. Decumbent.
B. Side-lying.
C. Supine.
D. Fowler's.

3. Answer: B and C

Options B and C. Enquiry demonstrate that the occurrence of SIDS is reduced with these ii positions.
Options A and D: Both are inappropriate positions for infants.

iv. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is one of the most common causes of decease in infants. At what historic period is the diagnosis of SIDS almost probable?

A. At 1 to two years of age.
B. At 1 week to i year of historic period, peaking at 2 to 4 months.
C. At 6 months to 1 year of age, peaking at 10 months.
D. At six to 8 weeks of age.

4. Answer: B. At 1 week to 1 year of age, peaking at 2 to 4 months.

Options B: SIDS tin occur anytime between 1 week and 1 year of age.
Options A, C, D: The incidence peaks at two to iv months of historic period.

5. During a community visit, volunteer nurses teach stress direction to the participants. The nurses will most likely abet which belief as a method of coping with stressful life events?

A. Avoidance of stress is an of import goal for living.
B. Control over ane's response to stress is possible.
C. Most people take no control over their level of stress.
D. Pregnant others are important to provide care and business.

5. Answer: B. Command over one'south response to stress is possible.

Options B: When learning to manage stress, clients find it helpful to believe that they accept the ability to control their response to information technology. It is impossible to avoid stress, which is a normal life feel.
Options A: Stress can be positive and growth-enhancing as well as harmful.
Options C:The conventionalities that one has some command is the meaning cistron in minimizing stress response.
Options D: Significant others are a good source of support, but coping with the utmost cocky-dedication is the most helpful.

Farther Reading

Recommended resources and books for pediatric nursing:

PedsNotes: Nurse's Clinical Pocket Guide (Nurse'southward Clinical Pocket Guides)
Pediatric Nursing Made Incredibly Like shooting fish in a barrel
Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing
Pediatric Nursing: The Critical Components of Nursing Care

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Source: https://nurseslabs.com/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids/